The Geological Dynamics Behind Ethiopia’s Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Ethiopia experiences earthquakes and volcanoes due to tectonic rifting and molten rock movement beneath the East African Rift Valley. Recent seismic activity in areas like Fentale signals ongoing geological processes potentially leading to a continental split and new ocean formation. Scientific monitoring is recommended to mitigate future hazards.

Ethiopia’s geological activity, including earthquakes and volcanoes, is attributed to a deep-seated process that dates back millions of years. Located within the East African Rift Valley, this region is viewed by scientists as a natural laboratory signifying a potential north-south split of the continent which will eventually create a new ocean. Researcher Gemechu Bedassa Teferi explains the mechanisms behind this geological activity, particularly within the Main Ethiopian Rift.

The formation of Ethiopia’s active geological features began 18 million years ago with the rupture of continents leading to the creation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Approximately 11 million years ago, a rift developed beneath the Afar Depression in northeast Ethiopia. The Earth’s mantle, a hot, semi-solid layer beneath the crust, is perpetually in motion due to deep Earth heat, enabling molten rock to rise and cause volcanic eruptions at weak points on the surface.

This upward movement of molten rock is complemented by a parallel process of tectonic rifting, where the Earth’s crust gaps and allows the molten material to fill the voids. The friction from this movement can trigger earthquakes as rocks break and release energy. The Afar region is known as one of the most seismologically and volcanically active regions globally, exemplified by recent activities in Fentale and nearby areas, where more than 200 earthquakes, of which the strongest measured 6 on the Richter scale, were recorded in just five months.

Although no recent volcanic eruptions have occurred, significant seismic activity has caused damage to buildings, schools, and infrastructures even in locations such as Addis Ababa, approximately 190 kilometers from the epicenter. Historical data shows that the most substantial earthquake since 1900 occurred in 1989, measuring 6.5, highlighting the risks associated with earthquakes in this region.

Scientific exploration, such as satellite radar imagery, has helped elucidate the geological processes occurring in Fentale, revealing that earthquakes may be driven by molten rock rising from about 10 kilometers below the surface. Various outcomes are anticipated, influenced by factors such as the molten material’s temperature and viscosity. Possible scenarios range from the solidification of the molten rock to eruptions resulting from high pressure.

To address potential hazards, scientists advocate for enhanced monitoring methods including volcanic gas analysis, GPS observation, and geophysical studies. Collaboration among scientists and government authorities is crucial to establish effective communication with at-risk communities, thereby improving disaster preparedness and response strategies.

Ethiopia’s earthquakes and volcanic activity are the result of complex geological processes emerging from the East African Rift Valley. The region’s rifting and tectonic movement lead to significant seismic events, potential volcanic eruptions, and ensuing hazards. Enhanced scientific monitoring and community engagement are imperative for managing risks associated with these natural phenomena and ensuring public safety.

Original Source: www.downtoearth.org.in