Understanding Earthquake and Volcanic Activity in Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s geologic activity, notably earthquakes and volcanoes, is driven by ongoing tectonic processes within the Great East African Rift Valley. The recent seismic events in Fentale highlight the area’s geological dynamics and the necessity for scientific monitoring and community engagement to manage future risks.

Ethiopia’s geological activity, including its earthquakes and volcanoes, is the result of millions of years of tectonic processes. Such activity is primarily observed along the Great East African Rift Valley. Notably, Gemechu Bedassa Teferi, a researcher specializing in Ethiopian volcanoes, elucidates these phenomena and their implications regarding the region’s geological evolution.

The onset of these tremors and eruptions dates back eighteen million years with the separation of continents forming the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Subsequently, eleven million years ago, a significant rift originated beneath the Afar Depression, where the mantle—a hot, semi-solid layer—plays a crucial role. The movement within the mantle facilitates the upward thrust of molten rock, resulting in volcanic eruptions through the Earth’s crust’s weak points.

As the molten rock rises, it simultaneously causes the ground to move apart, thereby creating rifts. The immense friction generated by this process results in sudden rock breaks, releasing energy that manifests as seismic waves and consequent earthquakes. The Afar region is particularly notable for its high levels of volcanic and tectonic activities.

Recently, the Fentale area experienced significant seismic activity, recording over 200 earthquakes above magnitude 4 within five months, including a notable quake measuring 6 on the Richter scale. Although volcanic eruptions have not occurred during these events, the earthquakes have impacted infrastructure and were felt as far as 190 kilometers away in Addis Ababa.

Historically, the most potent earthquake in this region occurred in 1989 with a magnitude of 6.5, causing notable damage to structures not built for seismic resilience. The last recorded eruption at Fentale took place in 1820, and earthquakes are frequently seen as precursors to volcanic activities, fuelling anticipation among scientists.

Current research, aided by satellite radar technology, indicates that the recent seismic events correlate with hot molten rock ascending from roughly 10 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. Three potential scenarios may follow: firstly, the cooling and solidification of the lava; secondly, a vertical eruption; or thirdly, the lateral propagation of molten rock, potentially leading to significant eruptions or cooling.

Geological unpredictability emphasizes the need for enhanced prediction methodologies to mitigate future risks. Effective scientific monitoring, such as gas measurement and on-site GPS surveillance, is vital. Furthermore, fostering open communication channels between scientists and government officials is paramount to engage and protect the at-risk communities.

Ethiopia’s earthquakes and volcanism stem from complex tectonic processes linked to the Great East African Rift. Recent seismic activities in Fentale reflect ongoing geological dynamics, marked by significant earthquakes. This phenomenon calls for improved monitoring and community engagement to anticipate and mitigate future geological hazards effectively. Understanding the interplay of molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface remains critical for hazard preparedness in the region.

Original Source: www.downtoearth.org.in